O despojamento em São Bernardo de Claraval e São Francisco de Assis (séculos XII e XIII)

Abstract

A presente dissertação de mestrado aborda a problemática do despojamento em São Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) e São Francisco de Assis (1181/2-1226), nos séculos XII-XIII, a partir de algumas Epístolas de Bernardo e do Tratado intitulado a Apologia a Guilherme; e, para Francisco de Assis, a Regra Bulada e o Testamento, juntamente com a Primeira Vida de São Francisco de Assis, composta por Tomás de Celano (1185?/1190?-1260?). Nossa proposta diz respeito às implicações no modo de vida religiosa dos séculos XII-XIII implantadas por Bernardo e Francisco; do contato social que mantiveram com os homens; bem como do desenvolvimento do modelo monástico cisterciense por Bernardo de Claraval, baseado no exemplo de Cister (1098) e na Regra de São Bento (535-545); e, da criação da fraternidade franciscana por Francisco de Assis, com a instituição de uma nova comunidade, de uma Regra, que adota como norma à pobreza, a obediência, a caridade e a humildade, mantendo os seus frades ligados à cidade, trabalhando com os leprosos e mendigos. Por fim, analisamos o problema do despojamento corporal em Bernardo e Francisco, sobretudo porque, na Idade Média, os religiosos tinham uma relação diferente com o corpo, geralmente, visto como uma tentação a ser vencida por meio da busca da parúsia e do encontro com Cristo.

The respective Master Essay Thesis considers the problem of desecration caused through the rules of Saint Bernard of Claraval (1090-1153) and Saint Francisco of Assis (1181/2-1226), between the centuries XI-XIII, concerning Bernard's Epistles and a Treaty named Guilherme's Apololy as well as Francisco of Assis's, Bulled Rule and Testament, in combination with Saint Francisco's First Life, that was composed by Thomas of Celano (1185?/1190-1260). Our purpose is to show the implications in the religious way of life, between the XII-XIII centuries made by Saints Bernard and Francisco. This covers the social contact and the company kept between men, such as the development of the monastic standards of Cistercians by Bernard of Claraval, based on Cister's example (1908) and those of Saint Benedict's Rule (535-545); and, also the Franciscan brotherhood created by Francisco of Assis. This Franciscan Rule for a new community instituition adopting rules covering poverty, obedience, charity and humility, keeping their priests connected to city society and population, through working with lepers and beggars and other ostracized members of the community. Actually, we attempt to analyse in Bernard and Francisco a problem about the desecration of the body, because, in the Middle Age, religious clergies had a different relationship with the human body, usually seen as a tentation to be win, through seeking the Parousia, where it is preached throughout the Christian & Catholoic Church that all christian people await Christ's Second Coming to absolve them of their sins.