Imagens metaficcionais de Cristovão Colombo: uma poética da hipertextualidade

Abstract

A partir da análise de uma série de romances históricos hispânicos, e apoiando-nos no pressuposto de que história e literatura sempre mantiveram entre si um diálogo intenso, buscamos, aqui, focalizar alguns recursos e procedimentos inerentes à ficção de caráter histórico. Para tanto, lançamo-nos ao desafio de analisar, dentro do subgênero romance histórico contemporâneo, mais especificamente, as obras El último crimen de Colón (2001), do argentino Marcelo Leonardo Levinas, e Colón a los ojos de Beatriz (2000), do espanhol Pedro Piqueras, obras que contemplam a figura de Cristóvão Colombo sob o discurso poético. A análise destas obras destaca procedimentos formais que constituem um discurso metaficcional: a paródia, a carnavalização, a intertextualidade, a heteroglossia, a hiper-correção de dados históricos, entre outros, que contribuem para a formação de novas imagens do descobridor da América. Num jogo de construção e desconstrução de imagens, estes romances questionam as verdades históricas, colocando em xeque inclusive suas fontes de referências, as quais são constantemente reescritas. Buscamos estabelecer, pois, as diferenças entre o discurso histórico assertivo e o discurso poético sob o qual estas obras e as imagens de Colombo nelas contidas foram gestadas. Revela-se, pelas relações transtextuais, uma poética da hipertextualidade referente ao tema do descobrimento da América.

Starting from the analysis of a series of Hispanic historical novels and working on the presumption that History and Literature have always been living under a friendly relationship and keeping an intensive dialogue, we intent to point out in this work some of the resources and proceedings which are inherent to the historiographic fiction. In order to do so we set up ourselves the challenge to analyze more specifically under the concepts of the contemporary historical novels, the books El último crimen de Colón (200l), by the Argentinean Marcelo Leonardo Levinas and Colón a los ojos de Beatriz (2000), by the Spanish Pedro Piqueras. Both novels present as character the Admiral Christopher Columbus who is recreated in them through a poetic discourse. The analysis of the mentioned novels intends to point out some of the formal aspects used in their elaboration which turn out as being a historiographic metafiction discourse such as parody, carnivalization, and intertextuality, between others. Those procedures contribute to create new images of the discoverer of America. Using complex procedures of building up images of the discoverer these novels establish a process of questioning the historical truths concerning the man and his acts, calling into question even the historical sources of references which are constantly rewritten. In this way our intention is to establish the differences between the assertions of the historical discourse and the artistic discourse of the poetry under which the novels and the images of the discoverer here analyzed were created. Poetry of hipertextuality is shown to us in relation to the theme of the discovery of America through transtextuality.