Action of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) on hatchability and embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus eggs (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) presents medical importance, being the principal vector of Rickettsia conorii, the causative agent of Botonous fever, occurring in various regions of Europe and Africa. In the Americas, has been reported as a vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Mountain Spotted Fever. It presents veterinary importance because is responsible by the transmission of zoonosis like babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, hepatozoonosis and others. The resistance that these ticks show to some of the active principles used in acaricides has risen wildly. In other hand, the use of herbal medicines has been outstanding recently. Among the advantages of phytotherapics that justify their use are synergistic effects of its components and easy degradation in the environment. In this scenario, Tagetes patula L (Asteraceae) appears as a species with great biocide potential. The phytochemical investigation of T. patula has resulted in the isolation of several chemical constituents such as benzofurans, carotenoids, flavonoids and thiophenes. This study aimed to test the effect of the ethanolic extract obtained from aerial parts of T. patula against eggs of R. sanguineus by Egg hatchability test and to verify, for the first time, the action of this sample on ovary cells of engorged females submitted to the Adult Immersion Test. The extract was very effective, inhibiting egg hatching in 96.98% (+/- 0.025) with LD50=6.312 mg/mL (4.064-8.497 mg/mL). Microscopic analysis of the structure of the ovaries showed significant morphological changes in the structure of oocytes II-V and pedicel cells, interfering directly in its normal embryogenesis, impairing or impeding the formation of healthy larvae, breaking the life cycle of this ticks in the beginning. Despite the difficulty to control adult populations of ticks, these findings are important and provide an alternative to disrupt development on the environment. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.